“acts,” with Amphoux and Bouttier, “Prédication,” 9, to avoid confusion with Paul’s teaching on nomistic religion, i.e., “works of the law.” Thus ἔργα is used differently by the two writers (Usteri, “Glaube, Werke, usw,” 245). Paul in polemical contexts views “works” as the keeping of the commandments of the Torah while James employs “works” to signify acts of mercy and kindness (2:13; the fulfilling of the royal law, 2:8). Moo (101–2) has questioned whether such a distinction is valid and necessary,